Publications

Forthcoming

The Effects and Local Implementation of School Finance Reforms on Teacher Salary, Hiring, and Turnover

Forthcoming in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis

We observed that local collective bargaining negotiations directed new state funding allocations to substantially increase certificated base salaries, particularly for senior teachers with 16 years or more of teaching experience. Suggestive evidence shows that state average teacher turnover rate was significantly reduced in the first year of reform. Read more

Recommended citation: Sun, M., Candelaria, C. A., Knight, D., LeClair, Z., Kabourek, S. E., & Chang, K. (In Press). The Effects and Local Implementation of School Finance Reforms on Teacher Salary, Hiring, and Turnover. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737231213880

2023

Spending More on the Poor? A Comprehensive Summary of State-Specific Responses to School Finance Reforms from 1990-2014

Published in Education Finance & Policy, 2023

In this study, we estimate the effects of SFRs on revenues and expenditures between 1990 and 2014 for twenty-six states. We find that, on average, per pupil spending increased, especially in low-income districts relative to high-income districts. However, underlying these average effect estimates, the distribution of state-level effect sizes ranges from negative to positive—there is substantial heterogeneity. Read more

Recommended citation: Shores, K. A., Candelaria, C. A., & Kabourek, S. E. (2023). Spending More on the Poor? A Comprehensive Summary of State-Specific Responses to School Finance Reforms from 1990–2014. Education Finance & Policy. 18(3), 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00360

2022

Prioritizing School Finance Equity during an Economic Downturn: Recommendations for State Policy Makers

Published in Education Finance & Policy, 2022

We show that (1) school districts are racially segregated along class lines; (2) higher-poverty districts receive a greater share of funds from state, as opposed to local sources, making them especially vulnerable during economic downturns; and (3) many states made across-the-board K–12 budget reductions following the Great Recession, but those cuts disproportionately impacted high-poverty districts. Read more

Recommended citation: Knight, D. S., Hassairi, N., Candelaria, C. A., Sun, M., & Plecki, M. L. (2022). Prioritizing School Finance Equity during an Economic Downturn: Recommendations for State Policymakers. Education Finance and Policy, Education Finance & Policy. 17(1), 188-199. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00356

2019

Get Real! Inflation Adjustments of Educational Finance Data

Published in Educational Researcher, 2019

Researchers have linked the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to three different dates: fall, spring, and academic fiscal years. We demonstrate that linking the CPI to these different academic years results in identifying different trends in U.S. educational spending during the Great Recession. We provide an easy-to-use software package to facilitate implementation of National Center for Education Statistics guidelines. Read more

Recommended citation: Shores, K. A., & Candelaria, C. A. (2020). Get Real! Inflation Adjustments of Educational Finance Data. Educational Researcher, 49(1), 71-74. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X19890338

Court-Ordered Finance Reforms in the Adequacy Era: Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sensitivity

Published in Education Finance & Policy, 2019

Seven years after reform, the highest poverty quartile in a treated state experienced an 11.5 percent to 12.1 percent increase in per-pupil spending, and a 6.8 to 11.5 percentage point increase in graduation rates. We subject our benchmark model to various sensitivity tests. Estimates range, in most cases, from 6 to 12 percentage points for graduation rates. Read more

Recommended citation: Candelaria, C. A., & Shores, K. A. (2019). Court-Ordered Finance Reforms in the Adequacy Era: Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sensitivity. Education Finance and Policy, 14(1), 31-60. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00236

2018

Bank Linkages and International Trade

Published in Journal of International Economics, 2018

We find that new bank linkages have larger impacts on trade in industries which tend to be subject to more export risk. For U.S. banks, we can show that bank linkages are positively associated with foreign letter of credit exposures. Read more

Recommended citation: Caballero, J., Candelaria, C. A., & Hale, G. B. (2018). Bank Linkages and International Trade. Journal of International Economics, 115, 30–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.08.006

2017

The Effects of No Child Left Behind on Children’s Socioemotional Outcomes

Published in AERA Open, 2017

We find that the introduction of high-stakes test accountability did not have consistent significant effects on these socioemotional outcomes. These findings can help states address concerns and motivate further research on potential unintended consequences of revised accountability systems under the Every Student Succeeds Act. Read more

Recommended citation: Whitney, C. R., & Candelaria, C. A. (2017). The Effects of No Child Left Behind on Children's Socioemotional Outcomes. AERA Open, 3(3), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858417726324

2015

Persistence of Regional Wage Differences in China

Published in Pacific Economic Review, 2015

We find that some of the cross-province differences in real wages could be related to the quality of labour, industry composition and geographic location of provinces. These factors, taken together, explain approximately half of the cross-province real wage variation. Read more

Recommended citation: Candelaria, C. A., Daly, M. & Hale, G. (2015). Persistence of Regional Wage Differences in China. Pacific Economic Review, 20(3), 365-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12113

Christopher A. Candelaria